Several Ming Dynasty texts list what were claimed as the Nine Offspring of the Dragon  and subsequently these feature prominently in popular Chinese stories and writings. The scholar Xie Zhaozhe ( 1567-1624) in his work Wu Za Zu (. 1592) gives the following listing, as rendered by M.W. de Visser:
A well-known work of the end of the sixteenth century, the Wuzazu  informs us about the nine different young of the dragon, whose shapes are used as ornaments according to their nature. The [pulao  dragons which like to cry, are represented on the tops of bells, serving as handles. The [qiuniu  which like music, are used to adorn musical instruments. The [chiwen which like swallowing, are placed on both ends of the ridgepoles of roofs (to swallow all evil influences). The [chaofeng lion-like beasts which like precipices, are placed on the four corners of roofs. The [yazi which like to kill, serve as ornaments of sword-grips. The [bixi  which have the shape of the [chilong  and are fond of literature, are represented on the sides of grave-monuments.

Children of Dragon China

The [bi'an which like litigation, are placed over prison gates (in order to keep guard). The [suanni  which like to sit down, are represented upon the bases of Buddhist idols (under the Buddhas' or Bodhisattvas' feet). The [baxia  finally, big tortoises which like to carry heavy objects, are placed under grave-monuments. Further, the same author enumerates nine other kinds of dragons — there are so many, says he, because the dragon's nature is very lewd, so that he copulates with all animals —, which are represented as ornaments of different objects or buildings according to their liking prisons, water, the rank smell of newly caught fish or newly killed meat, wind and rain, ornaments, smoke, shutting the mouth (used for adorning key-holes), standing on steep places (placed on roofs), and fire.

The Sheng'an waiji  collection by the poet Yang Shen ( 1488-1559) gives different 5th and 9th names for the dragon's nine children: the taotie  which loves to eat and is found on food-related wares, and the jiaotu which looks like a conch or clam, does not like to be disturbed, and is used on the front door or the doorstep. Yang's list is bixi, chiwen or cháofēng, pulao, bi'an, taotie, qiuniu, yazi, suanni, and jiaotu.
Oldest known attestation of the "children of the dragon" list is found in the Shuyuan Zaji Miscellaneous records from the bean garden) by Lu Rong (1436-1494); however, he noted that the list enumerates mere synonyms of various antiques, not children of a dragon.

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